The implementability of Western approaches in Eastern Societies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25170/ijelt.v2i1.1429Keywords:
learner autonomy, Community Language Learning, Total Physical Response, Suggestopedy, Content-based InstructionAbstract
The field of foreign language teaching has been dominated mostly by Western views. While some of these views can indeed be implemented, many others, especially with regards to the role of the teacher and that of the students, stumble on cultural barriers; the approaches are also constrained by the unavailability of educational facilities in most Eastern societies. This paper is to look into these two constraints: (a) in the case of learner autonomy and the new role of the teacher, the Western concepts cannot be conveniently implemented without changing the cultural values of the society, and (b) in the case of educational facilities, Western approaches such as Community Language Learning, Total Physical Response, Suggestopedy, and Content-based Instruction, which are claimed to be student-centered, cannot easily be implemented in normal classrooms where educational aids are not generally available on the national scope.
References
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Horffman, A. 1999. Discourse surrounding goals in an undergradute ESL. In Coterral & Crabbe (Eds.) 1999.
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Klahn, N. 1997. Teaching for communicative competence: Spanish through contemporary Mexican topics. In Stryker & Leaver (Eds.) 1997.
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La Forge, P. G. 1971. Community language learning: A pilot study. Language Learning, Vol. 21/1.
Leaver, B. L. 1997. Content-based instruction in Basic Russian Program. In Stryker & Leaver (Eds.) 1997.
Little, D. 1999. Learner autonomy is more than a Western cultural construct. In Cotterall & Crabbe (Eds.) 1999.
Littlewood, W. 1999. Defining and developing autonomy in East Asian contexts. Applied Linguistics, 20/1.
Lozanov, G. 1982. Suggestology and outline of suggestopedy. New York: Gordon and Brach.
Nunan, D., Lai, J. & Keobke, K. 1999. Towards autonomous language learning: Strategies, reflections, and navigation. In Cotterall & Crabbe (Eds.) 1999.
Ryding, K. & Styowasser, B. 1997. “Text development for content-based instruction in Arabic”. In Stryker & Leaver (Eds.) 1997.
Sinclair, B. 2001. Learner autonomy: The next phase. In Sinclair et al. (Eds.) 2001.
Sinclair, B., Macgrath, I. & Lamb, T. (Eds.) 2001. Learner autonomy, teacher autonomy: Future directions. Essex: Longman.
Snow, M. A. 1998. Trends and issues in content-based instruction. Annual review of applied linguistics, 18.
Sternfeld, S. R. 1997. “Caterpillars into butterflies: Content-based instruction in a first year Italian course. In Stryker & Leaver (Eds.) 1997.
Stevick, E. W. 1980. Teaching languages: A way and ways. Rowley: Newbury House Publishers.
Stryker, S. B. & Leaver, B. L. (Eds.). 1997. Content-based instruction in foreign language education. 1997. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Taylor, B. P. 1979. Methods Panel: Exploring community language learning. In Yorio (Ed.) 1979.
Thavenius, C. 1999. Teacher autonomy for learner autonomy. In Cotterall & Crabbe (Eds.) 1999.
Tickoo, M. L. (Ed.) 1995. Language and culture in multilingual societies: Viewpoints and visions. Singapore: SEAMEO, Anthology 36.
Titone, R. 1968. Teaching foreign languages: An historical sketch. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Vines, L. 1997. Content-based instruction in French for journalism Students at Ohio University. In Stryker & Leaver (Eds.) 1997.
Voller, P., Martyn, E. & Pickard, V. 1999. One-to-one counseling for autonomous learning in a self-access center: Final report on an action learning project. In Cotterall & Crabbe (Eds.) 1999.
Wachidah, S. 2001. EFL Learning autonomy and output planning. Unpublished dissertation, University of Sydney.
Asher, J. J. 1979. Learning another language through actions: The Complete Teacher’s Guidebook. Los Angeles: Sky Oaks Production.
Bancroft, W. J. 1978. The Lozanov method and its American adaptations. Modern Language Journal, 62, 1978.
Campbell, C. & Kryszewska, H. 2002. Learner-based teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chadran, J. & Esarey, G. 1997. Content-based instruction: An Indonesian example. In Stryker & Leaver (Eds.) 1997.
Corin, A. 1997. A Course to Convert Czech Proficiency to Proficiency in Croation & Serbian. In Stryker & Leaver (Eds.) 1997.
Cotterall, S. & Crabbe, D. (Eds.). 1999. Learner autonomy in language learning: Defining the field and affecting change. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Curran, C. A. 1976. Counseling-learning in second languages. Apple River: Apple River Press.
Dam, L. 2001. Evaluating autonomous learning. In Sinclair et al. (Eds.). 2001.
Dardjowidjojo, S. 2001. “Cultural constraints in the implementation of learner autonomy: The case in Indonesia.” Journal of Southeast Asian Education, 2/2.
Holec, H. 1981. Autonomy and foreign language learning. Oxford: Pergamon Hood, Phillip. 2001. “A reading of autonomy: Evidence from British Secondary School modern foreign language learners on the role of reading tasks in their learning”. In Sinclair et al. (Eds.) 2001.
Horffman, A. 1999. Discourse surrounding goals in an undergradute ESL. In Coterral & Crabbe (Eds.) 1999.
Kasper, L. F. 1995. Theory and practice in content-based ESL reading instruction. English for Specific Purposes, 14/3.
Kirkpatrick, A. A. 1995. Language, culture, and methodology. In Tickoo (Ed.) 1995.
Kirkpatrick, A. A. 1996. The changing face of English teaching: Principles and practice. Hanoi: International conference on higher education in the 21st century: Mission and challenge in developing countries.
Klahn, N. 1997. Teaching for communicative competence: Spanish through contemporary Mexican topics. In Stryker & Leaver (Eds.) 1997.
Klee, C. A. & Tedick, D. J. 1997. The undergraduate foreign language immersion program in Spanish at the University of Minnesota. In Stryker & Leaver (Eds.) 1997.
La Forge, P. G. 1971. Community language learning: A pilot study. Language Learning, Vol. 21/1.
Leaver, B. L. 1997. Content-based instruction in Basic Russian Program. In Stryker & Leaver (Eds.) 1997.
Little, D. 1999. Learner autonomy is more than a Western cultural construct. In Cotterall & Crabbe (Eds.) 1999.
Littlewood, W. 1999. Defining and developing autonomy in East Asian contexts. Applied Linguistics, 20/1.
Lozanov, G. 1982. Suggestology and outline of suggestopedy. New York: Gordon and Brach.
Nunan, D., Lai, J. & Keobke, K. 1999. Towards autonomous language learning: Strategies, reflections, and navigation. In Cotterall & Crabbe (Eds.) 1999.
Ryding, K. & Styowasser, B. 1997. “Text development for content-based instruction in Arabic”. In Stryker & Leaver (Eds.) 1997.
Sinclair, B. 2001. Learner autonomy: The next phase. In Sinclair et al. (Eds.) 2001.
Sinclair, B., Macgrath, I. & Lamb, T. (Eds.) 2001. Learner autonomy, teacher autonomy: Future directions. Essex: Longman.
Snow, M. A. 1998. Trends and issues in content-based instruction. Annual review of applied linguistics, 18.
Sternfeld, S. R. 1997. “Caterpillars into butterflies: Content-based instruction in a first year Italian course. In Stryker & Leaver (Eds.) 1997.
Stevick, E. W. 1980. Teaching languages: A way and ways. Rowley: Newbury House Publishers.
Stryker, S. B. & Leaver, B. L. (Eds.). 1997. Content-based instruction in foreign language education. 1997. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Taylor, B. P. 1979. Methods Panel: Exploring community language learning. In Yorio (Ed.) 1979.
Thavenius, C. 1999. Teacher autonomy for learner autonomy. In Cotterall & Crabbe (Eds.) 1999.
Tickoo, M. L. (Ed.) 1995. Language and culture in multilingual societies: Viewpoints and visions. Singapore: SEAMEO, Anthology 36.
Titone, R. 1968. Teaching foreign languages: An historical sketch. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Vines, L. 1997. Content-based instruction in French for journalism Students at Ohio University. In Stryker & Leaver (Eds.) 1997.
Voller, P., Martyn, E. & Pickard, V. 1999. One-to-one counseling for autonomous learning in a self-access center: Final report on an action learning project. In Cotterall & Crabbe (Eds.) 1999.
Wachidah, S. 2001. EFL Learning autonomy and output planning. Unpublished dissertation, University of Sydney.
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2006-05-31
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