Some aspects of qualitative research in researching language
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25170/ijelt.v2i1.1612Keywords:
quantitative and qualitative research, epistemological positions, ethnography, observation, field interviewAbstract
In the academic world, research inquiry is ‘bitterly’ divided into two competing paradigms: quantitative and qualitative research. Both are competing to search for revealing certain phenomenon and each of them claims to be the most satisfactory way to thoroughly discover the answer of the phenomenon. Firstly the article tries to illustrate the tension between the quantitative and qualitative research, the nature of qualitative research such as its epistemological positions, summary of the recurrent elements in qualitative research. Secondly, it explains qualitative research in language learning. The third part is on the methods in qualitative research such as case study, ethnography, observation and field interview. The fourth part is on ethical issues. Fifthly, the article discusses reliability and validity. The sixth part is on sampling. The seventh part is on the dynamic nature of research questions and the role of theory. The eighth part is on qualitative data analysis. The ninth part is on teacher-researcher and action research. The tenth part is on the structure of qualitative research proposal and the last part is on the introduction of qualitative research in Indonesia. It is perceived that there are various aspects in language learning that can be explored with the use of qualitative research, ranging from foreign language acquisition and language teaching policy.
References
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Vidich, A. J., & Lyman, S. M. (2000). Qualitative methods: Their history in sociology and anthropology. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 37-84). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Wachidah, S. 2001. EFL learning autonomy and output planning: A case in Javanese dominated general high school in Indonesia. Sydney University, Sydney.
Weitzman, E. A. 2000. Software and qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 803-820). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Wray, A., Trott, K., & Bloomer, A. 1998. Projects in lingustics. London: Oxford.
Adler, P. A., & Adler, P. 1994. Obervational technique. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Alwasilah, A. C. 2002. Pokoknya kualitatif: Dasar-dasar merancang dan melakukan penelitian kualitatif. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.
Angrosino, M. V., & Perez, K. A. M. d. 2000. Rethinking obsrvation. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Berg, B. L. 1998. Qualitative research methods for social sciences. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Burns, A. 1999. Collaborative action research for English language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Burns, R. B. 2000. Introduction to research methods (4th ed.). Frenchs Forest: Longman.
Carlson, M. 2001. Swedish language courses for immigrants: Integration or discrimination? In G. Walford (Ed.), Ethnography and education policy (pp. 119-136). Kidlington: Elsevier Science. Ltd.
Caronia, L. 2001. Educational ethnography and multicultural education: A study of classroom talk-in-interaction as an identity making discourcive activity. In G. Walford (Ed.), Ethnography and education policy (pp. 43-70). Kidlington: Elsevier Science Ltd.
deJong, E. J. 1994. Planning language, planning inequality. 2006, January 23, http://www-writing.berkeley.edu/TESL-EJ/ej01/r.2.html
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. 2000. Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousands Oak: Sage Publications.
Fetterman, D. M. 1989. Ethnography step by step. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
Gass, S., & Schachter, J. 1996. Second language classroom research: Issues and opportunities: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Geertz, C. 2001. Thick description: Toward an interpretive theory of culture. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The American tradition in qualitative research. London: Sage Publications.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. 1994. Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication.
Hall, J. K. 2002. Teaching and researching language and culture. London: Longman.
Johnson, D. M. 1992. Approaches in research in second language learning. New York: Longman.
Kincheloe, J., & McLaren, P. 2000. Rethinking critical theory and qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincol (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed.), (pp. 279-314). Thousands Okas: Sage Publications.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. S. 2001. Ethics: The failure of positivist science. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The American tradition in qualitative research (pp. 92-107). London: Sage Publications.
Meriam, S. B. 1998. Qualitative research and case study applications in education. San Fancisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. 1984. Qualitative data analysis: A sourcebook of new methods. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. 1994. Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Minichiello, V., Aroni, R., Timewell, E., & Alexander, L. 2000. In-depth interviewing (2nd ed.). Sydney: Longman.
Mulyana, D. 2002. Metode penelitian kualitatif: Paradigma baru ilmu komunikasi dan ilmu sosial lainnya. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.
Neuman, W. L. 2000. Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (4th ed.). Needhman Heights: Allyn and Bacon.
Nunan, D. 1992. Research methods in language learning. New York: Cambridge Univesity Press.
Punch, K. F. 1999. Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. London: Sage Publications.
Reichardt, C., & T. Cook. 1979. Beyond qualitative versus quantitative methods. In T. Cook & C. Reichardt (Eds.), Qualitative and quantitative methods in evaluation reseach. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
Rist, R. C. 2000. Influencing the policy process with qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Hanbdook of qualitative research (pp. 1001-1017). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Schwandt, T. A. 2000. Three epistemological stances for qualitative inquiry: Interpretivism, hermeneutics, and social constructionism. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 189-214). Thousand oaks: Sage Publications.
Seliger, H. W., & Shohamy, E. 2000. Second language research methods. Oxford University Press.
Spielmann, G., & Radnofsky, M. L. 2001. Learning language under tension: New directions from a qualitative study. The Modern Language Journal, 85/11, 259-278.
Stake, R. E. 2001. The case study method in social inquiry. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The American tradition in qualitative research (pp. 131-138). London: Sage Publications.
Sudikan, S. Y. 2001. Ragam metode pengumpulan data: Mengulas kembai pengamatan, wawancara, analisis life history, analisis foklor. In B. Bungin (Ed.), Metodologi peneltiian kualitatif: Aktualisasi metodologis ke arah ragam varian kontemporer. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.
Supriadi, D. 2002. Tradisi kualitatif dan kuantitatif: Mencegah sikap sektarian dalam berilmu. In A. C. Alwaslilah (Ed.), Pokoknya Kualitatif: Dasar-dasarmerancang dan melakukan penelitian kualitatif. Jakarta: Dunia Pustaka Jaya.
Tedlock, B. 2000. Ethnography and ethnographic representation. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Hanbook of qualitative research (2nd ed.) (pp. 455-456). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Travers, M. 2001. Qualitative research through case studies. London: Sage Publications.
Trochim, W. M. K. (2002, January 16, 2005). Qualitative methods. Research methods knowledge base Retrieved January 23, 2006.
Vidich, A. J., & Lyman, S. M. (2000). Qualitative methods: Their history in sociology and anthropology. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 37-84). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Wachidah, S. 2001. EFL learning autonomy and output planning: A case in Javanese dominated general high school in Indonesia. Sydney University, Sydney.
Weitzman, E. A. 2000. Software and qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 803-820). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Wray, A., Trott, K., & Bloomer, A. 1998. Projects in lingustics. London: Oxford.
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2006-05-31
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